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Source Internal Resistance — result sheet
Calculate terminal voltage and power losses for an ideal source with internal resistance delivering current.
Inputs used
Results
Visual chart
Breakdown
Calculation steps
Returned data table
Formula and methodology
Formula: Vterminal = emf - I r; Vdrop = I r; Pinternal = I^2 r; Pterminal = I Vterminal.
A source's internal resistance lowers its terminal voltage while it supplies current. This bounded model reports the internal drop and the power delivered to an external load represented only by its current draw.
This result follows the calculator's declared inputs, precision, validation boundaries, and model limits.
Input contract
- Source emf — V; minimum 0; maximum 1000000000
- Internal resistance — ohm; minimum 1.0E-12; maximum 1000000000
- Delivered current — A; For this discharge model, current cannot make terminal voltage negative.; minimum 0; maximum 1000000000
Worked example
| Input | Value |
|---|---|
| Source emf | 12 |
| Internal resistance | 1 |
| Delivered current | 2 |
Terminal voltage is 10 V; internal drop is 2 V; terminal power is 20 W.
Assumptions and limits
- Emf and current are nonnegative magnitudes, and the source is discharging into an external load.
- Internal resistance is positive and constant; current is limited so terminal voltage is not negative.
- Battery chemistry, state of charge, temperature, dynamic impedance, and load regulation are not modeled.
Calculator note
Source and methodology
Use the official WorldCalculate methodology policy for the source, formula, precision, and boundary standards behind this calculator.
Planning estimate, not financial, medical, legal, or professional advice. © WorldCalculate — reuse with attribution. Built and curated by Hassan ALRowaie.
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